Hi @davec
Also found this reference in the vocaloid reference pages (it’s supposed to be a table but it comes out as HTML Code - you can copy and paste into any word processing program to get it to display properly). The actual page is here: English Phonetics | Vocaloid Wiki | Fandom
Symbol |
Classification |
IPA’s Symbol / Name |
Sample |
Notes |
Related Phonemes |
[@] |
vowel |
ə schwa |
aware, synthesis, harmony, the |
In the VOCALOID program, it is not actually used by itself but rather with other phonetics. However, Luka can use this phoneme to make a the “a” sound in aline |
[V] (stressed) |
[@r] (r-colored)
[Q@]|
|[V]|vowel|ʌ open-mid back unrounded vowel|strut, unclean, cut,
duck|Actually it’s an /ɐ/ in various most of the dialects. Despite this, the notation /ʌ/ still is used for tradition and because some dialects still retains the old pronunciation.|[@] (unstressed)
[{] (fronted)
[Q@] (r-colored)|
|[e]|vowel|ɛopen-mid front unrounded vowel|them, egg|Usually transcribed as /e/ by the AHD|[e@] (r-colored)
[eI] (diphthongized)|
|[I]|vowel|ɪnear-close near-front unrounded vowel|kit, it, synthesis||[i:] (tense)
[I@] (r-colored)|
|[i:]|vowel|iːclose front unrounded vowel|beef, eat, harmony||[I] (lax)
[I@] (r-colored)|
|[{]|vowel|ænear-open front unrounded vowel|trap, axe|In some dialects, it may be diphthongized into /eə/ or similar due Æ-tensing}.|[aI] (diphthongized)
[aU] (diphthongized)|
|[O:]|vowel|ɔːopen-mid back rounded vowel|taught, ought, ball|This vowel has a lot of variations depending on the dialect. In US dialects it varies between /ɑ/ for the cot–caught mergers and /ɒ~ɔ/ for the rest.|[Q] (lax)
[O@] (r-colored)|
|[Q]|vowel|ɒopen back rounded vowel|lot, off||[O:]
[OI] (diphthongized)|
|[U]|vowel|ʊnear-close near-back rounded vowel|put, look||[u:] (tense)
[U@] (r-colored)|
|[u:]|vowel|uːclose back rounded vowel|boot, view||[w] (semivowel)
[U] (lax)
[U@] (r-colored)|
|[@r]|rhotic vowel|əɹ, ɚ or ɝ (US)
ɜː (UK)|urge, bird, marker|r-colored schwa|[@] (non-rhotic)
[V]|
|[eI]|diphthong|eɪ̯|pay, age, date|j-colored /e/|[e] (monothong)|
|[aI]|diphthong|aɪ̯|buy, eye, died|j-colored /a/|[@]
[V]
[{]|
|[OI]|diphthong|ɔɪ̯|boy, oil, choice|j-colored /ɔ/|[Q]
[O:]
[O@]|
|[@U]|diphthong|oʊ̯ (UK)
oʊ̯~o (US)|oat, soak, show|w-colored /o/. Usually transcribed as /əʊ̯/ or /oː/|[@]|
|[aU]|diphthong|aʊ̯|loud, out, cow|w-colored /a/|[{]
[Q]|
|[I@]|rhotic vowel|ɪə (UK)
i(ə)ɹ (US)|beer, ear|r-colored /ɪ/|[I] (uppercase i)
[i:]|
|[e@]|rhotic vowel|ɛə~ɛː (UK)
ɛɹ (US)|bear, air, aware|r-colored /ɛ/|[e] (non-rhotic)|
|[U@]|rhotic vowel|ʊə (UK)
ʊɹ (US)|cure, surely|r-colored /ʊ/|[U] (non-rhotic)
[u:] (non-rhotic)
[O:] (non-rhotic)
[O@]|
|[O@]|rhotic vowel|ɔː(ɹ) (UK)
ɔɹ~oɹ (US)|pour, sort|r-colored /ɔ/|[O:] (non-rhotic)
[Q] (non-rhotic)|
|[Q@]|rhotic vowel|ɑː(ɹ) (UK)
ɑɹ (US)|star, are, harmony|r-colored /ɑ/|[@]
[V]|
|[w]|consonant|wlabio-velar approximant|way||[u:] (syllabant)
[U]|
|[j]|consonant|jpalatal approximant|yellow||[i:] (syllabant)
[I] (uppercase i)|
|[b]|consonant|bvoiced bilabial plosive|cab||[p] (voiceless)
[bh] (aspirated)|
|[bh]|consonant|bʰ aspirated voiced bilabial plosive|big|at the beginning of syllable, /b/ with aspiration|[ph] (voiceless)
[b] (deaspirated)|
|[d]|consonant|dvoiced alveolar plosive|bad||[t] (voiceless)
[dh] (aspirated)
[D] (lenited, lowered)|
|[dh]|consonant|dʰ aspirated voiced alveolar plosive|dog|at the beginning of syllable, /d/ with aspiration|[th] (voiceless)
[d] (deaspirated)
[D] (lenited, lowered)|
|[g]|consonant|gvoiced velar plosive|bag||[k] (voiceless)
[gh] (aspirated)
[N] (nasalized)|
|[gh]|consonant|gʰ aspirated voiced velar plosive|god|at the beginning of syllable, /g/ with aspiration|[kh] (voiceless)
[g] (deaspirated)|
|[dZ]|consonant|ʤvoiced postalveolar affricate|jeans||[tS] (voiceless)
[Z] (spirantizated)
[d] (deaffricated)|
|[v]|consonant|vvoiced labiodental fricative|vote||[f] (voiceless)|
|[D]|consonant|ðvoiced dental fricative|their||[T] (voiceless)
[d] (fortited)
[dh] (aspirated)
[v] (Th-fronting)|
|[z]|consonant|zvoiced alveolar fricative|resort||[s] (voiceless)
[Z] (palatalized)|
|[Z]|consonant|ʒvoiced postalveolar fricative|Asia||[S] (voiceless)
[z] (depalatalized)
[dZ] (affricated)|
|[m]|consonant|mbilabial nasal|mind||[n] (alveolarized)|
|[n]|consonant|nalveolar nasal|night||[N] (velarized)
[m] (labialized)|
|[N]|consonant|ŋvelar nasal|long||[n] (develarized)|
|[r]|consonant|ɹalveolar approximant|red|The /r/ is the symbol for the alveolar trill or rolling R for the IPA and the X-SAMPA, the symbol in this case seems be based on AHD|[R] (rolled)
[w] (gliding)|
|[l]|consonant|ɫvelarized alveolar lateral approximant|feel|Dark L, at the syllable coda position|[l0] (develarized)
[w] (L-vocalized)
[u] (L-vocalolized)
[U] (L-vocalized)|
|[l0]|consonant|lalveolar lateral approximant|list|Clear L, at the beginning of syllable|[l] (velarized)|
|[p]|consonant|pvoiceless bilabial plosive|dip||[b] (voiced)
[ph] (aspirated)|
|[ph]|consonant|pʰ aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive|peace|At the beginning of syllable, /p/ with aspiration|[bh] (voiced)
[p] (deaspirated)|
|[t]|consonant|tvoiceless alveolar plosive|sit||[d] (voiced)
[th] (aspirated)|
|[th]|consonant|tʰ aspirated voiceless alveolar plosive|top|At the beginning of syllable, /t/ with aspiration|[dh] (voiced)
[t] (deaspirated)|
|[k]|consonant|kvoiceless velar plosive|rock||[g] (voiced)[kh] (aspirated)|
|[kh]|consonant|kʰ aspirated voiceless velar plosive|kiss|At the beginning of syllable, /k/ with aspiration|[gh] (voiced)
[k] (deaspirated)|
|[tS]|consonant|ʧvoiceless postalveolar affricate|touch||[dZ] (voiced)
[S] (spirantizated)
[t] (deaffricated)|
|[f]|consonant|fvoiceless labiodental fricative|feel||[v] (voiced)|
|[T]|consonant|θvoiceless dental fricative|think||[D] (voiced)
[s] (Th-alveolarization)
[f] (Th-fronting)|
|[s]|consonant|svoiceless alveolar fricative|sea||[z] (voiced)
[S] (palatalized)|
|[S]|consonant|ʃvoiceless postalveolar fricative|share||[Z] (voiced)
[tS] (affricated)
[s] (depalatalized)|
|[h]|consonant|hvoiceless glottal fricative|hat|||